tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85118309501265212352024-02-19T03:19:37.556+00:0010 years of RAPIDDavid Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-15870249625888606492014-06-15T13:18:00.002+01:002014-06-15T13:28:11.034+01:00And finally ....The cruise finished on schedule on the 3rd June and the next scientific cruise is now underway on the RRS James Cook. Overall 96% of the data that we had hoped for was recovered from the RAPID array of moorings. A figure with which we were very pleased. We are very grateful to everyone on board: officers, crew, technicians and scientists who all worked together to achieve this result.<br />
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Before we left the ship we were able to make our first preliminary estimate of the 26°N AMOC time series from October 2012 to March 2014. There was much excitement amongst the scientists on board as Ben completed the calculation and showed us the preliminary results. All of the data now needs to checked carefully and we need to incorporate the data from our colleagues in Miami. After this is done the complete calculation of the new times series will be made public on our website, probably by the end of September.<br />
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However, we can now announce the winner of our competition to estimate the value of our preliminary calculation for the period from 1st October 2012 to 30th September 2013 (Please note the final value will be different once we incorporate data from our colleagues in Miami). The entries are summarised in the figure below. Estimates ranged from 15.1 Sv to 19.4 Sv with an average of 17.2 Sv. So most of you thought that it would be a little less than the long term average (17.5 Sv).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKtR15HspS8tv9RXgYjhcfwUIMKqUJkDyd62fqUn8seyydevkkAuOoLki8uJa_275m9A4ygs6HBfpGYoGVsoJOygpNEAA0EMmwvTz0Gf69TbYDGYMxHvRVX-_lWuVbsKi8-qZpA9WN93Y/s1600/amoc_com_entries.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKtR15HspS8tv9RXgYjhcfwUIMKqUJkDyd62fqUn8seyydevkkAuOoLki8uJa_275m9A4ygs6HBfpGYoGVsoJOygpNEAA0EMmwvTz0Gf69TbYDGYMxHvRVX-_lWuVbsKi8-qZpA9WN93Y/s1600/amoc_com_entries.png" height="229" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Distribution of entires (red) compared with the annual averages from <br />
the eight years starting from April 2004. The distribution of annual averages<br />
has been normalised to enable the comparison.</td></tr>
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- Third place was Stuart Cunningham 17.0 Sv<br />
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- Joint second were Sarah Hughes and the Master of the RRS James Cook Peter Sarjeant with 16.7 Sv<br />
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- But one person estimated the exact value of 16.5 Sv. Well done Bablu Sinha!<br />
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David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-54721462423472974502014-06-05T18:58:00.000+01:002014-06-09T19:55:03.591+01:00Recreation at Sea<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieczUP7p0lnARHvz90ROPgNe251nEZA4mXo9ryR0C7ol7w1NSGGyr3Xivvk6uSqHd2OeFD4Eaw4p662Y1dg6wly5rrEKwHSx_o50TO0ZW6PktTn0I5UdL29drOG2YZiw3eCby2w2RA8_g/s1600/cricket+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieczUP7p0lnARHvz90ROPgNe251nEZA4mXo9ryR0C7ol7w1NSGGyr3Xivvk6uSqHd2OeFD4Eaw4p662Y1dg6wly5rrEKwHSx_o50TO0ZW6PktTn0I5UdL29drOG2YZiw3eCby2w2RA8_g/s1600/cricket+(2).jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Playing cricket on the back deck of the RRS James Cook. Darren, Eleanor, Nick, and Lola (and a few more outfielders). Photo by Ben Moat.</td></tr>
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This post is a bit overdue, since we're now all back on land. However, it fits well with the "life at sea" portion of the blog. [ pics to be added shortly! ]<br />
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When we are at sea for 6 weeks, we typically work longer hours than on land. For certain types of cruises (e.g. hydrographic sections), the science work is going on 24-hours a day. Since this cruise was a moorings cruise, we would have more intense working days, followed by passage days where data processing and analysis continued in the lab, but less time was spent on deck or making measurements. We are permitted to work no longer than 12 hour days, 7 days a week.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPMrosEIiSGQLqplcqv77jQPqSiupg-RxQoMIkytwYL6D8Zhg6hf2SPbV0rg68MKLFgrp2BkyCiAWk4vx40FKVucgGNO_otDXqtM0ru2UabrePO4VECEXmuZpHHej8-jZrCZ6SglKwC4/s1600/2014-05-05-sunset.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPMrosEIiSGQLqplcqv77jQPqSiupg-RxQoMIkytwYL6D8Zhg6hf2SPbV0rg68MKLFgrp2BkyCiAWk4vx40FKVucgGNO_otDXqtM0ru2UabrePO4VECEXmuZpHHej8-jZrCZ6SglKwC4/s1600/2014-05-05-sunset.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paul, Dave, Chris, Steve and Martin, on the bow.</td></tr>
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6 weeks is a rather long time to be spent with the 22 crew, 7 scientists and 7 technicians. Fortunately, British ships are reasonably well-equipped for recreation. The RRS James Cook has a bar, a lounge, a video room and a library, all on the level above the main lab. On the lower accommodation level, there is also a gym with treadmill, rowing machine, reclining bike, weights and a sauna. The bow is a comfortable spot for a bit of sun or to watch the sunset or stars. And a popular area for tea is outside the coffee shop, on the starboard side, just aft of the main lab, where a few extra chairs have been placed.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimxVgoUSA1MhLneBUfDZTP8L66tr79M_ut5kaLG1X9FgHYaD65lnmmfxq7r-ckDDh5iFYvqBYg_XSMPh0CSR0jBf1BjYvlxtqHaIv9EZjTU4MLDU5YWFOioZXGa_1UeWcZ7iIVtDddbzc/s1600/2014-04-25-leisure-dominos.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimxVgoUSA1MhLneBUfDZTP8L66tr79M_ut5kaLG1X9FgHYaD65lnmmfxq7r-ckDDh5iFYvqBYg_XSMPh0CSR0jBf1BjYvlxtqHaIv9EZjTU4MLDU5YWFOioZXGa_1UeWcZ7iIVtDddbzc/s1600/2014-04-25-leisure-dominos.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">David, Neela and Lola playing dominos.</td></tr>
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The bar is stocked with the daily allotment of wine and beer. Folks are allowed to purchase a certain number of units per day, when off-duty. There are also a variety of games to be played: dominos, scrabble, Trivial Pursuit and a popular sea farers card game: cribbage. One night during the cruise we had a pub quiz, organised by Carl. Another night was the RPC "request the pleasure of the company", where David Smeed as chief scientist, paid for the beers and invited everyone along.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Twister board, made out of an old sheet. The "dice" didn't work very well, so we ended up with a different solution. Photo by Lola.</td></tr>
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On Lola's birthday, we made a Twister board out of an old sheet. The spinner was a piece of cardboard, with a beer bottle in the middle. For some more active entertainment, Nick made a cricket bat, and Lola and I spent a while making some balls out of rags and duct tape (gaffer tape). 20 balls made for about an hour and a bit of fun on the ship. So while there is lots to be done, there are also plenty of options for evening entertainment, or spots of free time between the more intensive moorings days.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The gym on the Cook. Photo by Lola.</td></tr>
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<br />Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-63233868920359659662014-05-27T14:57:00.000+01:002014-06-08T21:53:32.852+01:00The lower levels of the ship<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">There are 5 engineers on the ship, and the electrician: (back row, left to right) Mick (2nd engineer), Charlie (Motorman), Lawrie (3rd engineer), Mic (3rd engineer) and (front row), George (the chief) and Pete (the electrician).</span></td></tr>
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<i>A post by Lola and Eleanor</i><br />
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From our first few weeks of the cruise, all we knew about the engineers and engine room was that they drink lots of tea and they play loud music while dancing and working somewhere down below. However, the engineers are responsible for keeping the ship watertight, powered (electrics and hydraulics), and liveable (they are in charge of the AC, fridges, plumbing, sewage and freshwater production). Every so often, an alarm will sound in the living spaces of the ship. This means the engineer on duty has 3 minutes, night or day, to get to the control room and acknowledge the alarm. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">The deck plans show that the engine rooms cover an entire deck beneath the lower accommodation, though it also extends vertically through different spaces on the ship.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">There are myriad doors and staircases dotted about that lead down into engine room spaces.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">This means that when we need an engineer to fix things, they sometimes pop out like magic from unexpected places.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">This all gives a rather mysterious impression to the engine room.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">So when George (the “chief”) offered to take us on a tour, we gladly accepted.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the engines.</td></tr>
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The main entrance to the engine room is through one of the hidden doors and staircases at the back of the engineers changing room (where you wouldn’t normally venture). At the bottom of the stairs is the control room. The control room has windows over the four engines which power the ship. Normally, the ship has two engines running, a third on standby and fourth that the engineers can service. Each of the four engines provides about 1700 kW, with a total average fuel consumption of 11 tonnes per day. These engines, when running, are about 90 deg C, and when on standby are still at 80 deg C. The exhaust temperatures are about 300 deg C. The room with the engines in it was hot and noisy.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7hxdaqzBBe69a0uFXbHqHcEIOKWcoUxX3BEf0JtCpNyFJ5-ahb6NnpEohGA-6ko6A54gYXHLu5eZV_5klzw6fPs2cE00w_DW0zYDDSQY_aiHnDFUHUZhNGgYkHopRocetncA22B0kW0/s1600/2014-05-22-window.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7hxdaqzBBe69a0uFXbHqHcEIOKWcoUxX3BEf0JtCpNyFJ5-ahb6NnpEohGA-6ko6A54gYXHLu5eZV_5klzw6fPs2cE00w_DW0zYDDSQY_aiHnDFUHUZhNGgYkHopRocetncA22B0kW0/s1600/2014-05-22-window.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lola, going into the small space with the porthole onto the propeller.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of the port-side propeller.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">You may expect an engine room to be super dirty, full of grease and oil, but surprisingly, it was very clean. Even though we were climbing over pipes and under cables, ducking through low clearance spaces, and around bits of machinery, we didn’t end up filthy.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Towards the bow of the ship, we visited the workshop, sewage room, purifier room, water tanks and the salt water intake for science.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">When we visited, the engineers were servicing one of the purifiers (which purifies the fuel before its burning).</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">In this space, the engineers can typically be found dancing while working to loud music.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">From here, we took a different staircase back up to the rest of the ship.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Engineers don't like having their photos taken. Lawrie, Mick and Charlie.</td></tr>
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<br />Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-43494346819458410822014-05-20T22:05:00.001+01:002014-05-22T10:25:24.952+01:00What does it take to create a 10 year time series of ocean circulation? Saying thank you 240 times<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBl0RWbw1bsOlZ0I9_nbkYfm6KPS2WUxTkeCJHto9UbaiZ2x4JJuKf3TDzlIEnRdWLG6Avvtm7LVXWzs-dZiNHcV9u3oq0u3r_UW80bsid6xtvDZTUUoVx5I6qwPxlrxOtHT3rw7YWKYw/s1600/RAPID_TEAM_5x5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBl0RWbw1bsOlZ0I9_nbkYfm6KPS2WUxTkeCJHto9UbaiZ2x4JJuKf3TDzlIEnRdWLG6Avvtm7LVXWzs-dZiNHcV9u3oq0u3r_UW80bsid6xtvDZTUUoVx5I6qwPxlrxOtHT3rw7YWKYw/s1600/RAPID_TEAM_5x5.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Darren, Steve, Dave, Chris and Colin. Between them they have spent 2,014<br />
days at sea on RAPID cruises. That is more than one year each!<br />
(Photo: Ben Moat)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We are now into the last two weeks of our expedition on the RRS James Cook and if all goes well we will soon have retrieved the data that will complete the first decade of observations of the overturning circulation. What has it taken to reach this milestone? Darren has been scouring our reports to answer this question.<br />
<br />
On board James Cook we have 22 officers and crew, 7 technicians, 5 scientists and 2 graduate students. Thirty-six people in all. But since the start of the project a staggering total of 240 people have participated in UK-RAPID research cruises. Thirty of these were students gaining their first experience of research at sea and 13 were visitors from other research centre with whom we collaborate. With a total of 533 ship-days at sea this represents about 30 man years of work at sea.<br />
<br />
Many of those who have sailed with RAPID have completed one cruise (141 people) or two cruises (43 people) and 49 have done three or more cruises. But there are seven individuals who have been to sea many times for the RAPID project, between them they have done almost as many RAPID cruises (121 person-cruises) as all the other technicians and scientists put together (139 person-cruises) Everyone who has sailed has contributed to the success of the program but the expertise and commitment of these seven has been outstanding.<br />
<br />
The RAPID project Magnificent Seven are:<br />
<br />
- Dave Childs and Steve Whittle have been on 16 cruises each.<br />
- Stuart Cunningham, Colin Hutton, Rob McLachan and Darren Rayner have sailed 17 times<br />
- Chris Crowe tops our chart and is currently sailing on his 21st RAPID cruise<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Thank you to everyone who has sailed with us, all 240 of you!</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
RAPID is a collaboration between the UK and the US. This post is about the UK cruises and UK personnel on US ships only. We are equally grateful to all our American colleagues but don't have all the information for their personnel.</div>
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David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-86483193776134413372014-05-17T23:32:00.000+01:002014-05-17T23:32:26.523+01:00Over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">A post by </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lola Pérez Hernández</i><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">As Eleanor said in the last post we have been crossing the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge (MAR). The MAR is a subsea mountain range that divides the Atlantic into
eastern and western basins. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The MAR
rises in some points up to 1000 m from the surface. From a geological point of
view the MAR is where the oceanic crust gets renewed on a long time basis. The
RAPID project has several moorings over the MAR. Can you imagine why? Apart
form being in the middle of the ocean, having this mountain chain through the
whole Atlantic Ocean affects the deep-flow. This is the case for the Antarctic
Bottom Water (AABW).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The AABW is formed
in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica and flows northwards along off the east
coast of South America and then along the west side of the MAR in the North
Atlantic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The AABW is cold and we
can trace the path that it follows by looking at the temperature of the water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS7QxD0pC68F4nt1Xpb1dMBfEzArl3C006QEywU2GHlaSEdE3_jEfdMdhYwtIdsYk1SCwUUDOSQ6QjMhhsgSR-FCdEgySCU5IiCZUqtcX1C5GPbqLrqLe2s0UByDFDDPiI2EnPMEQS7tc/s1600/atlantic_bathym.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS7QxD0pC68F4nt1Xpb1dMBfEzArl3C006QEywU2GHlaSEdE3_jEfdMdhYwtIdsYk1SCwUUDOSQ6QjMhhsgSR-FCdEgySCU5IiCZUqtcX1C5GPbqLrqLe2s0UByDFDDPiI2EnPMEQS7tc/s1600/atlantic_bathym.png" height="273" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<!--StartFragment--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Topography of the Atlantic Ocean, <br />colour indicates
the depth in metres</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<span lang="EN-US">Temperature of the Atlantic water at 4,500m
depth, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">the arrows indicate the flow of Antarctic Bottom Water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--></td></tr>
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David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-41585178855307096732014-05-13T23:37:00.001+01:002014-05-17T21:43:13.695+01:00Shrinking cups<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmxYvTJNG1qMx5aOZeOBcdSvxX5YDBU5QeTlhrVy76I01YuQEVgZiOzaRI06LnLoNTDLnouHGTMOCFEjnDNJK9Z7J-hbqviCsRpAcTlARRSMbPhF0nVRr636ofeBU7gIWn_RkkXBrfbmE/s1600/cups1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmxYvTJNG1qMx5aOZeOBcdSvxX5YDBU5QeTlhrVy76I01YuQEVgZiOzaRI06LnLoNTDLnouHGTMOCFEjnDNJK9Z7J-hbqviCsRpAcTlARRSMbPhF0nVRr636ofeBU7gIWn_RkkXBrfbmE/s1600/cups1.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recovering the CTD after a cast. The CTD itself is the horizontal silver instrument at the level of the guys' hands. The vertical cylinders are a mix of instruments and bottles. (Photo by Ben Moat)</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
Today we were working at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This underwater mountain range runs from north to south in the Atlantic. While some of the work today was on landers, we also did a CTD cast, where we send an instrument which senses the temperature and salinity of the ocean to the seabed and then pull it back up on a long wire. This wire is about 6 kilometers long, so when the instrument is down near the seabed, there is nearly 6 kilometers of water sitting on top of it. The weight of this water creates a unique environment for creatures living at the bottom of the sea. It also presents an engineering challenge to instruments and sensors that we use to measure the ocean. They need to be able to withstand incredible pressures.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wbLU5pE4W1-8tmk7AaYcEp3RDEnmvyKhajJcjoRbjqNMSeyZm6lPjb1r7cWIbw5HjLaM-_s_7LIsjtjiuyuRxM6bFvulkpCP68qF5AXVVT2jrBmgnBKAYHaRyBchVlS2BYc_XMYx-vY/s1600/DSC01164.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wbLU5pE4W1-8tmk7AaYcEp3RDEnmvyKhajJcjoRbjqNMSeyZm6lPjb1r7cWIbw5HjLaM-_s_7LIsjtjiuyuRxM6bFvulkpCP68qF5AXVVT2jrBmgnBKAYHaRyBchVlS2BYc_XMYx-vY/s1600/DSC01164.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adding the cups to the CTD frame. (Photo by Lola) </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
One of the fun ways to observe the effect of the pressure at the bottom of the ocean is to see their effect on polystyrene (styrofoam--for Americans) cups. Before leaving Southampton, I took 50 cups to my daughters' nursery and school. The children decorated their cups, and then gave them back to me. These cups flew with me to Trinidad, and then sailed with us to the Bahamas and across the Atlantic to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Today, our CTD cast was finally in the daytime (usually they start or end at night). So Lola and I stuffed the cups with a bit of paper, and then put them into some tights. These tights were then attached to the CTD frame with cable ties (many cable ties) and they went on an adventure to the bottom of the sea.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5cmFJaaZUaRzzrAQ1GxhbZFRUTNoIOJyCFLqZzVySNc0rCnzca6P70tyLh1EAHgYig-l9iBjBK4RlNr_7ztMLmZwXWzHdrM7a-bkKlGWN9yGl2wgy77vsem0pH3D3EZUbiddfBxL-UY/s1600/DSC01171.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5cmFJaaZUaRzzrAQ1GxhbZFRUTNoIOJyCFLqZzVySNc0rCnzca6P70tyLh1EAHgYig-l9iBjBK4RlNr_7ztMLmZwXWzHdrM7a-bkKlGWN9yGl2wgy77vsem0pH3D3EZUbiddfBxL-UY/s1600/DSC01171.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The CTD frame going out to sea, with the cups attached. For the oceanograhers out there, if you notice there's a bit more on the frame that usual, the large silver cylinders are acoustic releases. These are tested at the depths they'll be operating at before they're used for the moorings. The smaller silver cylinders are MicroCATS (the one with the 5 circles cutout of it). These are compared against the wired CTD sensor to improve their accuracy.</td></tr>
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If we were to send a balloon to the bottom of the ocean, it would shrink as the weight of the water squeezed the air inside it. When it came back up and the weight of the ocean is no longer squeezing the balloon, the air would expand again, and the balloon would look like nothing happened to it. Polystyrene is a little bit like a balloon. It has lots of little air bubbles in it. Under high pressure, like 6 kilometers of water, these air bubbles collapse. But unlike a balloon, when the cups come back up to the surface and the pressure is released, the cups don't expand again. They are more rigid, and the keep their collapsed, squeezed out shape, permanently. The air bubbles have popped and the cups have shrunk.<br />
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You can see the results here--teeny tiny cups where the drawings and writing of the children are now miniature.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgROfq-ke3cYK0Vd16XlEYCEhwR2_iwHjpYt3o3j3lEWgtPO-yenKCy_BiQMcR4loOHw-RNrQAMinIhrS_SWL2vJgB_qBDnuYCZodYQX9PD70sydk7GwdiU-LMphkSWRbosvCLVXfLaif8/s1600/DSC01217.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgROfq-ke3cYK0Vd16XlEYCEhwR2_iwHjpYt3o3j3lEWgtPO-yenKCy_BiQMcR4loOHw-RNrQAMinIhrS_SWL2vJgB_qBDnuYCZodYQX9PD70sydk7GwdiU-LMphkSWRbosvCLVXfLaif8/s1600/DSC01217.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of teeny tiny cups. The big white one is what they started out as.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiulgxsMA9TqwGNW1kj7XQUxmGPEtYlGQ35CjHmIU66340bdpq2qgXeAGFQcCjhiVMl2ShI2ojwM6zNFjSDCL9q6cPzkP0i962Yf6A2ZULkLatYyuN9mNGk0YFj5AlC-TD7UyJuXdEkAeo/s1600/DSC01220.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiulgxsMA9TqwGNW1kj7XQUxmGPEtYlGQ35CjHmIU66340bdpq2qgXeAGFQcCjhiVMl2ShI2ojwM6zNFjSDCL9q6cPzkP0i962Yf6A2ZULkLatYyuN9mNGk0YFj5AlC-TD7UyJuXdEkAeo/s1600/DSC01220.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tiny cups can be used for thimbles, or tea parties.</td></tr>
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Tomorrow, we continue with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge west side, and then a few days later will travel to the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.<br />
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You can read more about ocean pressure on Deep Sea News: <a href="http://deepseanews.com/2014/05/how-to-shrink-a-styrofoam-cup-and-other-side-effects-of-deep-ocean-pressure/">http://deepseanews.com/2014/05/how-to-shrink-a-styrofoam-cup-and-other-side-effects-of-deep-ocean-pressure/</a> (leaves this website)Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-66433716105144174652014-05-03T21:00:00.002+01:002014-06-08T22:00:40.774+01:00Moorings work is well underway<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoF9u_qP4fiYKmEHjfgoPV9iSf3H45s02gRkyFjkdII7rop0uSV0CFxc8N40Td0mqfJEt1i4qBEMN9l2MUcsZJ0UAC1p_erCxyWlo-jTXW6ruT4l5ODmEhKh0DHfqHmxN99hV5PMjbNc/s1600/2014-05-ben-cranes_small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoF9u_qP4fiYKmEHjfgoPV9iSf3H45s02gRkyFjkdII7rop0uSV0CFxc8N40Td0mqfJEt1i4qBEMN9l2MUcsZJ0UAC1p_erCxyWlo-jTXW6ruT4l5ODmEhKh0DHfqHmxN99hV5PMjbNc/s1600/2014-05-ben-cranes_small.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of the back deck of the RRS James Cook. (Photo by Ben Moat)</td></tr>
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We’ve been busy with gathering our sensors from the moorings which were deployed 18 months ago, and then left recording data until now. Since Wednesday, when we started out with the PIES recovery, there hasn’t been much of a break. You can see some of the work below.<br />
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So, what is a day's work on a research cruise like this one? This is a moorings cruise, which is a little different than some cruises. Here, when we're talking about a mooring, we are referring to a large
anchor or weight, with wire and flotation attached. The flotation is like underwater balloons, but because of the weight of water, they are made of strong material like steel or glass. The anchor holds it
to the seabed, while the flotation helps keep the wire upright. Along
the wire, we attach different instruments or sensors to record
information about the ocean. I'll see if I can find a picture of one of these--a diagram really, to show what it looks like. Since some of the tall moorings are in water which is 5 kilometers deep, the mooring itself is 5 kilometers long. This would be difficult to take a picture of!</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMWJ7gV90sZ1_HEkXvJU1JAxE1dhdygkOCLTWS-ChCpeaPVKX6CToQ6l8-ECUM_GGgIe1q5a3qjt6GbHuNvoXdTUQsa2kXLCftbS2FRaHWkl8Rav4P2oXSmBZWCHO58XSamQF0M11ggo/s1600/DSC00801.JPG" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking for a mooring which has been released. Since we are sometimes a good distance away, we need binoculars to spot the flotation on the surface of the water.</td></tr>
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When we're working on the moorings, we typically start by "listening" to the mooring using some acoustics from the ship. We “ping” a particular sequence of sounds that mooring is listening for, and it responds. From the response, we can tell how far away it is. When the ship is in a good position, we then send a command to tell the mooring to drop its anchor. Depending on how tall it is, and how far from the surface the top instrument is, we can see the floatation almost immediately.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCkdb0-Y3IB41Pe0e_6iRBCzendmC6hjiD9ZDbLDpvjbk10aUHjjw4gp-lY9oz9t7tNpwMFspHGNKt0reYVsFN8-Y7eQWTmUQIKU8X0Ceuyxhl4dc4Izm05lwfn_vJz87h8DnOwyihv6E/s1600/2014-05-02-wb2-float-worm.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCkdb0-Y3IB41Pe0e_6iRBCzendmC6hjiD9ZDbLDpvjbk10aUHjjw4gp-lY9oz9t7tNpwMFspHGNKt0reYVsFN8-Y7eQWTmUQIKU8X0Ceuyxhl4dc4Izm05lwfn_vJz87h8DnOwyihv6E/s1600/2014-05-02-wb2-float-worm.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of the wildlife that can be found on a mooring. Here is a worm or "polychaete" from one of the floats.</td></tr>
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We then wait to make sure the whole thing is on the surface and nicely laid out. We don’t want to come in too quickly, because some of the mooring could come up underneath the ship, which would be a problem. Once it’s all up, the ship gets into position and the top float is hooked using something that looks like a grappling hook with a line (rope) attached. The mooring is then slowly pulled in by the double-barrel winch, while the guys on the back deck (the technicians) take instruments off it one by one. Sometimes the instruments come up with some animals or algae growing on them (see the green stuff in the picture). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_iPrcJfseEX4x33pUYRUvrSTAtddPE9Jlsn-FhyphenhyphenCcAOcsQ28mB_nm6LP7sU6ZApEPp49JN81Cog7h5NM4-PP9iU37HByRu0siK1daPUN-1pswxDd9UdnNmPGwjNZohzyrNd-osdmC5A/s1600/2014-05-02-wb2-rcm-biofouling.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_iPrcJfseEX4x33pUYRUvrSTAtddPE9Jlsn-FhyphenhyphenCcAOcsQ28mB_nm6LP7sU6ZApEPp49JN81Cog7h5NM4-PP9iU37HByRu0siK1daPUN-1pswxDd9UdnNmPGwjNZohzyrNd-osdmC5A/s1600/2014-05-02-wb2-rcm-biofouling.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is an RCM11 current meter--it measures how fast the water is moving past it using acoustics. You can see it also became a nice home for some algae (the green, furry stuff).</td></tr>
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One of the tall moorings—5 km tall, since it’s in 5 km of water, can take a good 6 hours to recover. During this time, we’re out on deck in the heat (27 deg C), humidity (80%) and sun, which can be quite tiring. We have plenty of sunscreen, but somehow, I think everyone will end up with a tan before the trip is over.</div>
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After the mooring is redeployed (sent back out again with fresh instruments and batteries and wire), the night's work begins. The mooring position on the seabed is triangulated using the same acoustics to range from the ship. The ship is moved to three different locations so that we can figure out where the mooring landed on the bottom. Then we do some ship-based work---sending down a sensor on a wire and back up again---to calibrate the sensors which are left out. In the morning, we start again with the moorings.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Martin, Lola, Darren and Paul, looking at the bathymetry around WBAL.</td></tr>
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Yesterday, we were planning to release and recover a mooring which we call WBAL. The L stands for lander, since it’s a small mooring with just a bottom pressure and temperature recorder on it. We ranged it, and then released it, then went up to the bridge to wait for it. It was in just 500 m of water, but after an hour, and more ranging that confirmed it hadn’t moved, we left it to complete some other work. We tried, briefly, to see it in the swath bathymetry system, but with no luck.<br />
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Today, Darren got a message from his Argos alerts that the WBAL beacon—a satellite receiver on the top float of WBAL—that it was on the surface and a few miles south of us. So instead of the work we had planned for this afternoon, we’re setting out to recover the mooring. We don’t know yet why it didn’t come up as it should’ve yesterday, but we’ll hopefully know soon. Perhaps there was some fouling (what we call the overgrowth by plants or animals) on the releases and it couldn’t drop it’s anchor immediately. <br />
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We have a few more days at this intense pace before we head out for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It’ll take a few days to get there, where we can regroup, check data further, calibrate some more instruments, and get ready for the next bit of work.</div>
Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-87018674507685144082014-05-02T15:52:00.001+01:002014-05-02T15:52:47.041+01:00Floating PIES at 5:30 am!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">A post by </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lola Pérez Hernández</i></span></div>
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On Wednesday morning we made our first recovery. Some of us woke up at 4:30 to activate the release that freed the instrument WBP1. It took about 45 minutes to reach the surface. So at 5:30 a group of us stood on the bridge of the boat, searching the horizon for a tiny flashing white light. It finally made its appearance ahead of the starboard bow. We moved the boat towards that tiny flashing light and there it was. I’m sorry to tell there were no pies but there was a big floating white buoy making tics every seconds. WBP1 is a PIES is a Pressure and Inverted Echo-Sounder that sends noise to the surface and listens for it to came back, and with that procedure we can know things about the water column such us the dynamic height, the depth of the mixing layer or the stratification</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mOeNaqJQajCdlUwp6PIhClORvJCBIf1l2xt2k3f74rpLNB2U5gemvtXV5a11NnOMW6BKqs-ECAkoPr_HZo2M5TxqlR-UnCQIfE2fyAy6k70MRx54usvyhz47YQyCKHIP4Wy8ZFLxsEI/s1600/one.jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="180" /> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First a small light in the distance</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe43GiddbdpoJTX-ai9Qt3IIlxULtJuI2UawxsH2V1yi7D_pkeVo_-mzGRYpPbMSfS2tjePNZhrOku8hyphenhyphenVIiF1yZug5b4AfkSDnWmpeKgsrTFmfNZCPkvKUdEBaOGGLQRcbSMsA92VF-8/s1600/two.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe43GiddbdpoJTX-ai9Qt3IIlxULtJuI2UawxsH2V1yi7D_pkeVo_-mzGRYpPbMSfS2tjePNZhrOku8hyphenhyphenVIiF1yZug5b4AfkSDnWmpeKgsrTFmfNZCPkvKUdEBaOGGLQRcbSMsA92VF-8/s1600/two.jpg" height="320" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recovering the PIES</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mOeNaqJQajCdlUwp6PIhClORvJCBIf1l2xt2k3f74rpLNB2U5gemvtXV5a11NnOMW6BKqs-ECAkoPr_HZo2M5TxqlR-UnCQIfE2fyAy6k70MRx54usvyhz47YQyCKHIP4Wy8ZFLxsEI/s1600/one.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNJ25Uobw4jVKWSLwinkpNnWgzg06YeD1nnS6w8ILncS78oP-FJE6KDdgfDfJ9A5BA2u2x2eKuzB5Cx3fOLZFIyAuabjZUgpS1FcOObIpFjeOXITtOw2AHSQiF7rgn8XTq5dp7W2jbKI/s1600/four.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNJ25Uobw4jVKWSLwinkpNnWgzg06YeD1nnS6w8ILncS78oP-FJE6KDdgfDfJ9A5BA2u2x2eKuzB5Cx3fOLZFIyAuabjZUgpS1FcOObIpFjeOXITtOw2AHSQiF7rgn8XTq5dp7W2jbKI/s1600/four.jpg" height="112" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Retrieving the data</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7hat2-UX9IJfHI2HZqcm3YinoAS2495E8qFGyViXOPXGwm9lji01KN6i_DQzDCqO77zB3rq8eveCvu1XoAnx6VeK0SqOXCb-w368h06d1SGoRQg4X_KLsoz5c09Ljdh3cXwB2Wa3X_Mk/s1600/three.jpg" height="320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="180" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Back on depth after 18 months <br />
on the ocean floor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-255059461999970892014-04-30T17:46:00.000+01:002014-05-02T17:35:22.335+01:00CompetitionCan you predict the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation? Or would you like to win a RRS James Cook mug? If your answer to either of these questions is yes then read on and enter our competition.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTVDU3ZHwhx0wvtohyphenhyphenpfMitLxSykjr2Q5TADM7uyo9JZqKfnowDjJiwafNMreM6DgWWFd7QCqfPLdiMWD0vPAKsL5tx4bWenDKnttjNn_uP3XI2yi9LSN3ps0sAqkC5xHchuzDHrr_bU/s1600/4_blog+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTVDU3ZHwhx0wvtohyphenhyphenpfMitLxSykjr2Q5TADM7uyo9JZqKfnowDjJiwafNMreM6DgWWFd7QCqfPLdiMWD0vPAKsL5tx4bWenDKnttjNn_uP3XI2yi9LSN3ps0sAqkC5xHchuzDHrr_bU/s1600/4_blog+copy.png" height="247" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The AMOC at 26°N from 2004 to 2012. <br />
How has it changed since then?</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Earlier this year we published a paper describing the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (that is something of a mouthful so we usually call it the AMOC) (ref. 1). Its been quite variable but the average trend has been downward. Our colleagues at the University of Reading have published a paper predicting that it will continue to decline (ref. 2). Are they right? * <br />
<br />
Perhaps you have a model that can calculate the AMOC? Or would you like to make a guess? Either way we would like to hear from you.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMTBrdHyxJcwMxvFRYVeCfKnAFzM8XbYFWOjEUHQJxRU7GDuWiIJBEAZ0sTToJCTz7-kI8YNVzFLDW3I9TgIIqLg9L7D90ZdDQukeaua1GfC2Ba3stFIaLGhJvD0pXStAYATfbJ2s-f4/s1600/mug.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMTBrdHyxJcwMxvFRYVeCfKnAFzM8XbYFWOjEUHQJxRU7GDuWiIJBEAZ0sTToJCTz7-kI8YNVzFLDW3I9TgIIqLg9L7D90ZdDQukeaua1GfC2Ba3stFIaLGhJvD0pXStAYATfbJ2s-f4/s1600/mug.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RRS James Cook mug to be awarded to he winner of our competition</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Please let us know your estimate for the mean AMOC at 26°N for the period 1st October 2012 to 31st September 2013. At the end of the cruise we will make a preliminary calculation based on the data we have collected. The winner of the competition will be the estimate that is closest our preliminary value. We calculate the AMOC in units of Sverdrups, with one Sverdrup being equal to one million cubic metres per second. To help you make your estimate here are the mean values for previous years (these are averages for 12 months starting in April each year).<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> AMOC(Sv) 17.8 20.1 19.5 18.0 17.5 12.9 16.7 17.5</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><br /></span>
The best estimates will be listed on our blog and if you win we will ask you for your address so we can send you your RRS James Cook mug (please don't post your address now).<br />
<br />
The rules of the competition are:<br />
<br />
1. Entires should be made by adding a comment to this post or by email to das@noc.ac.uk with the subject "JC103 competition" and received no later than 31st May 2014. Alternatively you can tweet your entry using <span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23rapidmoc&src=hash" style="background-color: white; color: #0084b4; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #66b5d2;">#</span>rapidmoc</a><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">.</span></span><br />
<br />
2. Only one entry per person please.<br />
<br />
3. The estimate closest to our preliminary calculation will be the winner. In the event of a tie a draw will be held to decide who will receive the RRS James Cook mug.<br />
<br />
4. The Principal Scientist's decision will be final and no appeals will be considered<br />
<br />
*Jon Robson and co-authros would probably wish us to point out that they were not making a prediction for a particular year but suggesting that the average trend will be downwards. So even if the AMOC goes up now that would not necessarily mean that they are wrong. We need to wait a few more years before we can judge that.<br />
<br />
(1) Smeed, D.A., McCarthy, G.D., Cunningham, S.A., Frajka-Williams, E., Rayner, D., Johns, W.E., Meinen, C.S., Baringer, M.O., Moat, B.I., Duchez, A., Bryden, H.L., 2014. Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004-2012. Ocean Sci. 10, 29–38. <br />
<a href="http://www.ocean-sci.net/10/29/2014/" target="_blank">http://www.ocean-sci.net/10/29/2014/</a><br />
<br />
(2) Robson, J., Hodson, D., Hawkins, E., Sutton, R., 2013. Atlantic overturning in decline? Nat. Geosci. 7, 2–3.<br />
<br />
<br />David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-6488537084948976312014-04-26T19:30:00.001+01:002014-04-26T19:44:17.182+01:00An English experienceA post by <i>Lola Pérez Hernández</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RRS James Cook alongside in Port of Spain</td></tr>
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After a week I’ve begun to think in English. It might sound strange but I’m the only Spanish speaker on board and soon I won’t know whether I’m speaking English or Spanish. This is an English vessel, a female, not a male as with Spanish ships. Probably English ships complain more, who knows… It is not my first time at sea but it is my first time on an English boat. Thus this is the first dining room with a queen instead of a king hanging on the wall, there is no movie/siesta time if you are out of shift, but instead tea at 5, we have eggy breakfasts instead of toast with olive oil or Sunday “chocolate con churros”, an individual cabin instead of sharing (umm I’ll can get used to that), board games indoors instead of yoga or table tennis in the helicopter landing area (yes we’ve lost many balls),…<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cabin on the James Cook</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cabin on the Cornide de Saavedra</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US">There are some things in common though. In every boat I’ve been on,
good food is always served. Let me explain “good”: abundant, tasty, the kind
that makes you leave the boat gaining some weight. In all of them there are three main groups of
people: the crew, the technicians and us the scientist, although the boundaries
between groups are clearer in English vessels. All boats have their TV-DVD room
with an amazing collection of movies, a library, a conference room and a
peculiarly small gym. This boat has a bar, Spanish boats serve a bottle of wine
at lunch and dinner. Here we have free biscuits while the Spanish military boat
had a leg of “jamon Serrano” every two weeks. </span></div>
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BJtvOskbOB73odnwF-F1xA6FOrd2u7iSjJZ2m_pxxz4yjz_Cl6NJZDv0-eu8WLrOIdFy90yh3GfhT-w-WcP53hvEXuk5myoEexrnXak-3uryenRXTeohCW1GJCtDFbKQ79D1_E99WJA/s1600/Eventos-4463.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BJtvOskbOB73odnwF-F1xA6FOrd2u7iSjJZ2m_pxxz4yjz_Cl6NJZDv0-eu8WLrOIdFy90yh3GfhT-w-WcP53hvEXuk5myoEexrnXak-3uryenRXTeohCW1GJCtDFbKQ79D1_E99WJA/s1600/Eventos-4463.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jamón Serrano on the Hespérides</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: justify;">Being in an English boat full of English speakers makes me realize how
many English accents there are. The first days I’ve probably looked like an
idiot, all those accents were a hard job to follow! There are British from
London, Southampton and Yorkshire, American, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, foreign
English and a bunch I haven’t identified yet!</span><o:p></o:p><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">So how is being in James Cook as a student? It is a huge boat, I believe bigger than our newest Spanish ship Sarmiento de Gamboa or even Hespérides. There aren´t too many people and everybody knows each other (it’s been ten years of RAPID, you know?). So I wake up, have breakfast, work, coffee, learn, eat, learn, work, eat, eat, tea, work, learn, eat, watch a movie or play board games (did I say I’ve eaten?) and go to bed. I’m exhausted and willing for more, so sorry guys I’m already falling asleep.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BO Sarmiento de Gamboa </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BO Hespérides</td></tr>
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David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-42975032647654953612014-04-26T01:45:00.002+01:002014-04-26T01:46:43.380+01:00The Monkey Nest<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBd7fGxRXOsi-XHnabWM2Mdi9AcpweZZhX130PfzQecr64iVBq59SJPouPagiXkyu4HKvRXpVzZdQXCJgLQo9Jj2ei1Pe_APSgt3Iled0X-EtZ5RVyHaMOOSmYauaVP2FilnIS4vsjz7M/s1600/DSC00571.jpg" height="87" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View back towards the ship from the monkey nest. The port-side total irradiance meter is in the foreground (the white disk). The PAR sensor (photosynthetically active radiation) is just behind it.</td></tr>
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Written by Lola, Neela and Eleanor...<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF7HbjGVyHk-NCi4XvaBHb1DMOu3BudfcdlbtTcJsuzm5CX607s-uISBJEaUTfC9DieL3l2sBiRh9qXCjnD7vt-1eJjGsn1vlPNCAoBMSQg-zwtNelQLMESJJbenMHUvdV_5I69SCikIM/s1600/DSC00554.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF7HbjGVyHk-NCi4XvaBHb1DMOu3BudfcdlbtTcJsuzm5CX607s-uISBJEaUTfC9DieL3l2sBiRh9qXCjnD7vt-1eJjGsn1vlPNCAoBMSQg-zwtNelQLMESJJbenMHUvdV_5I69SCikIM/s1600/DSC00554.jpg" height="320" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ben and Gerard enjoying the sun.</td></tr>
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Today is day four of JC103. We've been busy setting up the data
processing streams and getting ready for the moorings work which starts
on the 29th. One of the things we had to do was to climb up to the
monkey nest to inspect the meterological equipment and take serial
numbers from the instruments. This is standard practice on any research
vessel, to make sure we know what equipment we're using and how to best
process it. <br />
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The monkey nest is at the bow on the forecastle deck. You can see it in
the picture to the left.
To get there, we had to climb two little staircases, and go through a
hatch in the roof. This meant wearing boots and hardhats. Your first
impression when you get up there is not so comfortable--the rails tilt
outwards and you're high above the deck, and the water below. But the
view is incredible. You can see it in the top picture---water water all
around.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLnEcmwi20aSF2wPVif0rsJzx5dtcp9Yh3mFxrhohNNx9THR6zo5wCN7F-lMyRJXss_8TQ_YEv1veKs3LqTl2WSNCC5miNruiq4obmR9OEIremyVf-uSFmCR_Da9Uqr-uRtB7H47G-0vk/s1600/DSC00568.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLnEcmwi20aSF2wPVif0rsJzx5dtcp9Yh3mFxrhohNNx9THR6zo5wCN7F-lMyRJXss_8TQ_YEv1veKs3LqTl2WSNCC5miNruiq4obmR9OEIremyVf-uSFmCR_Da9Uqr-uRtB7H47G-0vk/s1600/DSC00568.jpg" height="320" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Neela and Eleanor climbing to the monkey nest.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_ViUmIGZaZ6xzKPEPjrTIJoy_EuWTGCRr6QHom_vF0GPwpP7eoEE5c_xG_2wKjMJeqCOCJiipmf6V2NETLNq-pCAUg35I9tzRzA_L4HdYwFF9ajMVaqXErdgnNbMo8W2jO2ziYpUHng/s1600/DSC00575.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_ViUmIGZaZ6xzKPEPjrTIJoy_EuWTGCRr6QHom_vF0GPwpP7eoEE5c_xG_2wKjMJeqCOCJiipmf6V2NETLNq-pCAUg35I9tzRzA_L4HdYwFF9ajMVaqXErdgnNbMo8W2jO2ziYpUHng/s1600/DSC00575.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lola and the bridge.</td></tr>
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Besides light, we also measure winds, temperature, humidity and pressure. It's been about 77.9% humidity, and 27 deg C. The wind has been about 8 knots relative to the ship. So basically, the weather has been amazing. As you can see in the picture, the cloud cover today was minimal and you could see a good distance. We passed between the Dominincan Republic and Puerto Rico through the Mono Passage, and overnight will cross the Puerto Rico Trench. These will be the deepest waters we encounter on the trip. According to the "Atlas 2014" iPhone app, this includes the "Milwaukee deep" which is 8600 m deep, and the deepest part of the Atlantic. </div>
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<br />??? Does anyone know whether this is really called a monkey nest? Add your thoughts below.<br />
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Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-76732746615566393392014-04-24T20:44:00.001+01:002014-04-24T20:55:09.339+01:00Safety at Sea<div class="mobile-photo">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihSARNzg0rtFUulzHtOY6E3bakjSxXft9lUx2BWCbH9bzl3EU24RJ0VoLJFYAXkHe0L5zRgF0LcTNVsM0I4lbOfwjEX0e1WXBx5nY49M70scDUQmA_ILOQ9T4N7yfVBTi2lzja4Cb97cU/s1600/photo+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihSARNzg0rtFUulzHtOY6E3bakjSxXft9lUx2BWCbH9bzl3EU24RJ0VoLJFYAXkHe0L5zRgF0LcTNVsM0I4lbOfwjEX0e1WXBx5nY49M70scDUQmA_ILOQ9T4N7yfVBTi2lzja4Cb97cU/s1600/photo+1.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eleanor, Lola, Ben and Neela, in the main lab wearing safety gear.</td></tr>
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Research ships like the RRS James Cook are generally quite safe. However, being at sea is not the same as being on land. If someone gets sick or gets hurt, there isn't a hospital nearby. So, we take safety very seriously on board the ship. Whenever we go out on the working deck, hard-hats and steel-toed boots are required. The same goes for in port. When Lola, Ben, Neela and I had to go get our port passes from the police station in Trinidad, we dressed up in our safety gear.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sb98suJmQtM3s5a7KMxI-28EgPhyphenhyphenEynbGPi-OW1TFcQsunfZs3MlgvjkxnLkHQyFCcpq3sKRX2G8jhft1z3pWYN8ScVUeKfbH3KeU4O5LGUlIfdLv0LggipbO5Eex3lAdiBnOcKxo0I/s1600/photo+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sb98suJmQtM3s5a7KMxI-28EgPhyphenhyphenEynbGPi-OW1TFcQsunfZs3MlgvjkxnLkHQyFCcpq3sKRX2G8jhft1z3pWYN8ScVUeKfbH3KeU4O5LGUlIfdLv0LggipbO5Eex3lAdiBnOcKxo0I/s1600/photo+2.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gathered on the deck near the lifeboat, taking the register.</td></tr>
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We also practice what to do in an emergency. On the first day of sailing, we had a safety drill. This is similar to a fire drill at school. Here, the ship's bell rang the general alarm: 7 short blasts followed by one long ring of the bell. This signal meant that we had to gather or "muster" near the back deck and wait for someone to tell us what to do. For the drill, and for any real alarm, we wear our boots, a jumper, a woolly hat and bring our life vest. From there, we went to our assigned lifeboats, and put on our life vests. You can see us discussing safety in the picture.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRg2jB6Yw_mGsNYJJQMpfdNxmxsjvcEN4R8ChJ0rV5o-hzaVdxfsakUbrS2C84Z0hCdTY5rsuy9tbNP44itCUAwtq3ClhDD9JzHjBGdQvu3yM6JyNF7HA1x2qxzRxzzzcmlKxAB2UcAM/s1600/photo+3-791207.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRg2jB6Yw_mGsNYJJQMpfdNxmxsjvcEN4R8ChJ0rV5o-hzaVdxfsakUbrS2C84Z0hCdTY5rsuy9tbNP44itCUAwtq3ClhDD9JzHjBGdQvu3yM6JyNF7HA1x2qxzRxzzzcmlKxAB2UcAM/s320/photo+3-791207.JPG" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6005947798328265586" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lola, Neela and Eleanor in the life boat.</td></tr>
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Since Neela, Lola and I hadn't sailed on the RRS Cook before, we also got to try out the life boats. These are the bright orange boats that you can see on each side of the ship. The inside of the lifeboats were toasty warm, and it would be a snug fit with lots of people in them. Each of the two lifeboats on the RRS Cook can carry 54<br />
passengers. There are also 6 extra life rafts. Each of them can carry 20 passengers. We didn't try the life rafts.<br />
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If you remember the Titanic, one of the problems they had was that
<br />
there wasn't enough space in the lifeboats for everyone. Since we
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currently only have 35 people on board, and two lifeboats with 54
<br />
spaces, and 6 life rafts with 20 spaces, there is plenty of space for
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everyone. Also, since we are near Venezuela at 13 deg N, 64 deg W,
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the water is quite warm (28 deg C) and there are no icebergs around.Eleanor Frajka-Williamshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00299450710303641141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-64352096861025710722014-04-24T13:52:00.001+01:002014-04-24T13:52:40.985+01:00Farewell to TrinidadIts been a few days since our last post. Since then everyone has been busy preparing for our voyage. As well as the usual supplies required for the ship ten containers of equipment has had to be organised and prepared. The final task in Trinidad was to take on fuel over Tuesday night and once that was complete we set off on Wednesday morning. We now have 3 days steaming till we reach our first CTD station on Saturday.<br />
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Unforatunately we did not get to see much of Port of Spain but here are a few photos<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLhgKL3Wo_pTpI4bChX6kWFenAJ_ixbTL0y8bicrt0V57JV88PpcU2QMMH3wttkyOrM0BMzqy4GgwZ7Mdl8ewtAHFxoKPym7PrbSk7TUQNZ1yrSPYuL26g55yR2Zo4cxQsRB63fh3Q528/s1600/market.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLhgKL3Wo_pTpI4bChX6kWFenAJ_ixbTL0y8bicrt0V57JV88PpcU2QMMH3wttkyOrM0BMzqy4GgwZ7Mdl8ewtAHFxoKPym7PrbSk7TUQNZ1yrSPYuL26g55yR2Zo4cxQsRB63fh3Q528/s1600/market.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Market in Charlotte Street</div>
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Our hotel was close to the Parliament building which had this tribute to Trinidad and Tobago's Olympic medal winners.</div>
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The RRS James Cook</div>
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Our lat view of Port of Spain</div>
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<br />David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-24510803750536451952014-04-19T22:19:00.001+01:002014-04-20T01:24:03.503+01:00Where's the ship?The first of the scientists, Gerard, Darren and David, left home early on Friday morning to travel to Port of Spain. The remaining scientists will travel on Sunday and the technical staff arrived on Thursday. The RRS James Cook was due to dock here on Friday and we expected to be on board preparing our equipment today. But things often don't go to plan and this trip is no exception. There is industrial action by the dockyard workers of Port of Spain and this has caused some delays. The ship has been waiting off shore for the last two days but has been unable to dock. We can just about see it from our hotel.<br />
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You can see it more clearly in this zoomed in view.</div>
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The picture also shows that although we get to travel to tourist destinations such as Trinidad we don't normally stay in the usual tourist locations.David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8511830950126521235.post-2628389216061746912014-04-19T21:53:00.000+01:002014-04-19T21:53:50.360+01:0010 years of RAPIDThe RAPID 26°N project has been measuring the overturning circulation in the subtropical Atlantic since April 2004. The instruments required for this work are deployed on an array of moorings spanning the Atlantic from the Bahamas to Africa. Periodically the equipment needs to be serviced and the data recovered, and this has been done in a sequence of research cruises. We are currently preparing for the latest of these expeditions and will use this blog to describe our work and life on board the RRS James Cook. The blog is a personal view for our families, friends, colleagues and anyone else interested in our work.<br />
We are scheduled to sail on 22nd April from Port of Spain, Trinidad, and the cruise finishes in early June at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Once we have recovered all of the data we will have a 10-year record of observations of the overturning circulation, a significant milestone for our work.<br />
We hope you can follow our posts to learn more about the RAPID 26°N project. You can also find more information at our website <a href="http://www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc" target="_blank">www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc</a>.<br />
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<br />David Smeedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10143496788901166486noreply@blogger.com0